Reading

Reading Skills
Reading is often referred to as a skill and contains several sub-skills, of which we may need to do one or several.


 * Read efficiently (quickly enough)
 * Understand or deal with unknown words including technical lexis
 * Cope with grammar complexity – long complex sentences
 * Read for overall comprehension – gist reading
 * Read for details – intensive reading
 * Understand main ideas and separate these from supporting detail
 * Understand how details, ideas, points made, relate to each other and the overall meaning
 * Understand nuances of meaning such as writer’s bias, implied meaning, or understanding non-literal meaning
 * Paraphrase and summarise
 * Think critically
 * Cope with affective issues – e.g. work under stress or pressure
 * Choose and apply appropriate strategies (meta-cognitive reading)

Reading Strategies
To help us read more effectively for our aims, e.g. to read efficiently when we want to very quickly get an idea what a text is about, we can employ a variety of approaches or strategies. This list includes some of the most well-known.

Pre-reading strategies

 * Previewing - what do you know already? Schema? Purpose of reading? Purpose of writer?

While-reading strategies

 * Repetition   - read several times; reading is not always linear i.e. start to finish
 * Complex sentences – break them down (where is main clause, subject and verb); linking words (how do these show relationships?); pay attention to referencing words e.g. this; it etc
 * Paraphrasing             - explain; summarise; re-word
 * Using prediction and contextual clues       -  be aware of text type, structure, paragraph topic and function; surrounding information in text
 * Skimming    - use headings; topic sentences; illustrations
 * Comparison and contrast to my domain - what do you know (in your language) about this (topic and genre)
 * Using external knowledge    -  what do you know about the topic? What else can help?
 * Picking out key words            - what words appear to be key to understanding? Are they repeated often?
 * Scanning      - look for words, phrases, numbers, that contain important information.
 * Self-questioning    - what have you just read? How does it relate to your purpose?
 * Reacting – do you agree? Is that surprising? Is that interesting? are there assumptions?
 * Looking for purposes and important information          - what is author’s purpose in various parts and overall? Focus on linkers and discourse markers?
 * Visualizing   - can you build up a picture of what is being described?
 * Translation - is this appropriate? Will this help?
 * Summarizing                                    - stop and summarise (in your head?) at the end of each section or at the end of the text

Post -reading strategies

 * Evaluation and personal response                    - how did I perform? Why?
 * Do something with the information you have gained – take notes or draw diagram; explain it; summarise it

Resources that provide practice of skills and strategies

 * Practise of a variety of skills including reading through Open University pages. These pages include reading critically. You can find more information on what critical thinking means here at University of Sussex or you could also check the thinking skills part of the Canan wiki.