Phonology

When considering English phonology, you are most likely to be concerned with the following:


 * phonemes - mostly dealing with vowel sounds and consonant sounds, not necessarily the letters as they are written e.g. 'throw' has 3 phonemes but 5 letters.
 * syllables
 * lexical stress
 * prosody
 * stress
 * rhythm
 * intonation
 * variations of pronunciation such as accent

Learners of English may have very different problems with phonology depending on their level and their first language (L1). A difficulty can also be that unlike some languages e.g. Russian, there is no standard pronunciation, though there have been attempts in various English speaking countries to create one e.g. RP in England. You can find a good repository of English varieties at the dialects archive.

Phonology resources for particular L1s
Cantonese https://cle.ust.hk/online_resources/advice/english/pronunciation/p7/

Mandarin https://magoosh.com/toefl/english-pronunciation-resources-for-native-chinese-speakers/

Thai https://eltplanning.com/2018/08/20/correct-pronunciation-errors-thai-speakers-english/ https://englishspeaklikenative.com/resources/common-pronunciation-problems/thai-pronunciation-problems/ http://www.tedpower.co.uk/l1thai.html

Phonemes
There are around 44 separate sounds or phonemes in English. You can find practice of many of these on the BBC website or this Tools for Clear Speech website.

Prosody
Prosody relates to how longer stretches of speech (usually longer than individual words) are spoken, enabling us to, for example, highlight information but also it is an essential part of the clarity of phrases and sentences. An important element in prosody is putting appropriate stress on the right words. You will find a good introduction to the idea https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/sentence-stress.htm

Articulation exercises
Articulation and elocution are two words that are associated with training the clarity of your speech and contain exercises for mouth and breathing, among others. Generally, there are a range of elements that can be worth working on https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Voice_Acting/Basic_Voice_Acting_Skills and more specifically https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Voice_Acting/Enunciation_Exercises

There are many voice recognition technologies around these days which can be useful to give instant feedback on your pronunciation clarity. Features on many of the latest versions of MS word contain speech recognition and also reads texts. Other voice recognition ideas are here https://www.techradar.com/uk/news/best-speech-to-text-app