Vocabulary

This page is mostly focussed on academic English but many of the principles are generic.

Academic vocabulary learning process
Developing vocabulary involves the following stages.


 * 1) Finding new words
 * 2) Checking and understanding the meaning (including the register)
 * 3) Selecting new words to try to remember
 * 4) Making a record
 * 5) Remembering
 * 6) Using

Finding new words
The most logical place to find new words is through reading. When you encounter a new word (one that you don't know the meaning of) you may want to underline or highlight it and continue reading to see if you can make sense of the text you are reading. You can come back later to check your understanding.

Sometimes you find new words through thoughts in your own first language that you want to articulate in the new language. This highlights the importance of writing and speaking as early as possible to turn your first language thoughts into new language communication.

Refer to the pages on reading and listening for ideas on resources to use to find new words.

Checking and understanding the meaning (including register)
There are many types of dictionaries, although generally they can be divided into monolingual and bilingual categories, the latter providing equivalents and translations between two languages. Many monolingual dictionaries, especially learners' dictionaries provide grammatical information and collocations. Sometimes it can help to understand and remember the meaning of words if you understand their origin and development; an etymological dictionary provides such information.

Some suggested monolingual dictionaries online

 * Cambridge Dictionary
 * Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English - this is a good dictionary for providing examples and some grammar examples.
 * Oxford Learner's Dictionary provides similar style and information to the Longman.

The grammar or usage of vocabulary
As mentioned, collocations are important. It is also important to think about the grammar required e.g. is the word a verb or a noun? If you go to https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/ or https://www.english-corpora.org/bnc/, register, and after searching for a word, choose the "analyse" option, you can find grammar information. Of course, most good dictionaries (see above) provide grammar and usage information. What's the difference between COCA and BNC? Click on the initialisms to find out.

Selecting new words to try to remember
Ultimately you probably make a decision based on how useful the word seems when you translate it into your own language. There are tools that help you understand how frequently occurring words are (more frequent words are priorities to learn). For example, here you can copy and paste a text and select different colours for different level words to be highlighted. Level 1 contains the most frequent 1000 words of English and their word families; Level 2 contains the second most frequent 1000 words and families; Level 3 contains roughly 800 of the most frequent words found in secondary and university level reading material, but does not include any words from Levels 1 and 2; Outside Levels contains all the words outside the 3 frequency levels mentioned above. Words in this group are NOT divided into word families.

There are several word list highlighter tools linked here at eapfoundation.com

The above links tend to focus on individual words. It is also important to learn phrases and collocation


 * Manchester University phrasebank has identified many common academic writing functions and phrases for these e.g. for definitions
 * Collocations (commonly occurring word pairs or groups such as 'heavy rain') can be difficult to learn in any way other than paying attention to how new words appear as phrases in texts you read or listen to. However, there are some tools including dictionaries that provide common example phrases. One tool dedicated to highlighting common collocations is the Flax tool. Another option is to use a concordancer to see how the word commonly appears in short text extracts. The word and phrase site is a good one for doing this and enables you to search by individual word or by phrase - it is the same as https://www.english-corpora.org/coca/, the latter requiring registration. https://www.english-corpora.org/bnc/ focuses on British English.

Making a record
There is a lot of information you can note down about new words. See uefap for a detailed list. You can also look at the details in practice using the academic word list, going through each word on the list with information on pronunciation, questions to give you practice, etc.

You also need to think about where and how you will record words. There are lots of apps that can provide a place to store, or go beyond that to help you practise too. It's hard to keep up-to-date on these but here's a list to get started https://zapier.com/blog/improve-vocabulary-apps/

Remembering
Some suggestions from Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL ) include flashcards, rhymes, action (acting out words and sentences), using in sentences, and creating images or diagrams. You need to use a combination of activities. For example, flashcards as mentioned earlier will not really make vocabulary stick. You need something more e.g. trying to use in a real communicative situation.

People remember through their existing schema, so it is also important to try to make links to your existing knowledge. The etymology of words can sometimes help make connections to other words we know, so looking at an etymology dictionary can help. Also, having an understanding of common suffixes and prefixes and their meaning can help see patterns in new words you encounter.

Using or testing yourself on new words
The AWL (Academic Word List) highlighter can help check your writing: all you need to do is copy-paste the text you have written and click 'submit':

https://www.eapfoundation.com/vocab/academic/highlighter/https://www.eapfoundation.com/vocab/academic/highlighter/

The gapfill maker (on the same page) is useful for creating practice exercises.

The gapfill maker here is one you have flexibility on: you select which words you want tested on and put them inside square brackets: http://random-idea-english.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/tools-gapfill-generator.html;

A website that decides which words to test you on: https://www.word-booster.com/ ;

And this website is for academic word lists and exercises of word forms http://www.englishvocabularyexercises.com/AWL/id32.htm (http://www.englishvocabularyexercises.com/academic-word-list/index.html)

Prepositions
Prepositions are sometimes more connected to grammar than vocabulary, but sometimes they are used purely because they are collocations. Common academic collocations focussed on prepositions can be found here from Flinders University.